The Of Bmw Engines For Sale

The Single Strategy To Use For Bmw Engines For Sale


bmw engines for salebmw engines for sale

It's likewise much more thrifty to cool the engine if it's in the front. Allow's go back to the time when in the 19th century, many horseless carriages had rear-mounted engines with rear-wheel drive.


To execute this, they designed the contemporary transmission. This style was exceptional compared to the rear-mounted designs at the time because it circulated the weight uniformly between the front and also back wheels, which improved the handling as well as provided the front wheels extra grip. Front engine rear-wheel-drive advanced to the pinnacle with Ford cranking out 16,500,000 Version T's from 1908 to 1927, as well as all various other auto makers complied with suit.


The VW Beetle was low-cost and affordable. The initial Beetles obtained 32 miles to the gallon and marketed like Pet Crossing in a pandemic. After the success of the Beetle, Everyone was messing around with back-row bangers. Rear-engine as well as rear-wheel-drive cars were terrific for velocity given that the engine weight is best on the back tires.


Considering that all the weight is in the back, limited turns often tend to make the rear of the car swing around in a style. Numerous attempted, yet few attained making a rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive automobile that was taken care of nicely.


 

The Only Guide for Bmw Engines For Sale


It's the only American cars and truck with an air-cooled rear engine. An engine that rested behind the rear tires meant no flooring bump to hinder of your feet. The only issue though, is they've had a pretty long wheelbase for rear engine parts. 108 inches, 20 inches much longer than the 911.


And since the front suspension had no anti-roll bar, the Corvair would be prone to rollovers, a sedan with rollovers. That's crazy. By the time guide came out, Chevy had currently redesigned the Corvair with a four-wheel independent suspension, yet it was too late. "Unsafe at any type of rate" was a bombshell as well as individuals took notice.


People were scared to get rear-engine autos that were Unsafe at any kind of rate. Chevy made a decision to move on and also generate after the 1969 model year.




bmw engines for salebmw engines for sale
Anyway, back in Detroit, the huge 3 we're concentrating on are the front-engine, rear-wheel-drive design, generating some cars, you may have heard them about like Mustang, Camaro, Firebird, the Charger, etc. bmw engines for sale. With the engine in the front, there was no danger of oversteering unless you pressed Full Article that gas. They have a little bit of understeer, but the engine weight enhances the front tire traction so it's much easier for your typical vehicle driver to edge.




Unknown Facts About Bmw Engines For Sale


It makes feeling to have your radiator engine in the very same location. When you want extra horsies that normally implies a larger, larger engine.




 


If the engine is in between the front axle as well additional hints as the passenger compartment, it's practically mid-engine, but front mid-engine. If you're currently compromising guest location as well as want to make best use of power and also handling, you have to rethink engine placement (bmw engines for sale). Take the Corvette, for example, the C7 Corvette was the very best front-engine rear-wheel-drive cars and truck that Chevy can design.


It's called the CA. Not only does it provide to 700 horse power. With the engine behind both front seats, however in front of the rear axle, the Corvette's center of mass is in the middle of the vehicle, which indicates a lower polar moment of inertia. Alright, the polar minute of inertia.


Assume regarding you resting in an office chair rotating around, when you draw your arms in you connect much faster, and if you can place your arms as well as their explanation legs out you spin slower. The same concept uses to automobiles.




The Only Guide to Bmw Engines For Sale


Most consumers desire a whole 2nd row of seats and also they commonly don't require all that efficiency for driving the kids to Chilies. They supply a more affordable, much more sizable front-engine cars and truck that suffices. The front-engine cars and trucks have one, a minimum of for now. Front-engine vehicles consist of Toyota, Rear-engine cars consist of: Porsche, Mid-engine automobiles include: Ferrari, Referral: Donut Media.


Go too big as well as you can shed power. Not every engine is well suited to a bigger throttle body, which indicates you have to do your research beforehand. Cruise ship the net and also discover what others with the exact same engine are doing as well as take your lead from them. Bear in mind that a bigger throttle needs higher-flow fuel injectors.


Your engine building contractor can best encourage you on compression and camera choice. Both have to be selected in a spirit of collaboration, so you obtain power without damaging your engine.


Here's an additional one that efficiency enthusiasts misunderstand a lot more times than not. While we're so active focusing on horsepower, we neglect to acknowledge torque. Torque is your friend on the road, not horsepower. You want torque to hand off efficiently to horse power at wide-open throttle. However, you won't get there efficiently with a single-plane consumption manifold.




The 3-Minute Rule for Bmw Engines For Sale


bmw engines for salebmw engines for sale


This suggests greater torque numbers during acceleration as well as higher horse power figures on top. It's the dual-plane manifold's lengthy consumption joggers that provide you torque, and high ceilings that supply horse power. Another thing: Consider making use of a carburetor spacer to get even extra torque out of a traffic control We've found out time and also time once more in dyno screening that jet swaps can go regardless when it concerns power.

 

Fascination About Imported Engines For Sale In South Africa

See This Report about Imported Engines For Sale In South Africa

 

variation automobile into the united state without bond, upon your guarantee that you will have the reinstallation done. Product of a commercial nature that are being delivered in an independently owned transportation will certainly require the acquisition of a customer fee sticker as well as the payment of duty might be needed. Product being transported for personal usage within an independently had automobile do not need the purchase of this decal.


Rental vehicles may be utilized to move individual items without the acquisition of a decal if the chauffeur has actually not been paid to run the car. The list below vehicles require not conform to exhaust or security needs yet might NOT be marketed in the U.S. and might require EPA as well as DOT statements: Those imported by nonresidents for personal usage not exceeding one year.

 

 

 

imported engines for sale in south africaimported engines for sale in south africa
Those belonging to participants of foreign armed forces, international diplomatic personnel, or other individuals that come within the course of persons for whom free access has been authorized by the Department of State in conformity with international regulation. Those briefly imported for testing, demonstration, or competitors, offered they are not certified for use, or driven on public roads.


When you are successfully connected to the Logical Rhapsody Style Manager, a list of offered definitions is presented. In the Select Definitions home window, choose the interpretations you want to run with this circumstances of the Reasonable Rhapsody Style Manager Import Engine, then click Add.


The Beginning food selection likewise has an option to quit the import engine.


At the beginning of 2019, we covered all the different ways the import side of the sporting activity portable market has been acquiring ground on the domestic engine market. As well as while it is still a smaller sized section of the automotive industry below in the united state, there's no rejecting it's growth, specifically when it concerns engine structure.


Spanning countless auto racing classes, the competition is hard from 450 hp up to 1,500 hp. It is essential that engine home builders work with their clients to deliver on assumptions of performance and also what components are involved in an import drag develop.

 

 

 

Getting The Imported Engines For Sale In South Africa To Work

 

 


"To begin, we sleeve blocks with pliable iron sleeves from either LA Sleeve or Darton," claims Jose Bello. "We equipment out the supply bore as well as cyndrical tube as well as install the sleeves. We likewise bore, refine, deck as well as o-ring the blocks for better seal, as well as CNC port the cyndrical tube head." Block innovation for the import crowd might not quite be what it is for the domestic crowd, yet according to Jayson, that's going to be altering.


HDAY is the biggest Honda & Acura enthusiast occasion in the globe. The motorsport celebration includes a lot of drag racing, of course. "Given that a lot of import drag race engines are turbocharged, the cylinder heads are not all concerning just how much CFM it moves due to the fact that the turbocharger is dictating what the engine can send out and also get as far as air volume," Wilson claims.


"That does a number of points where you can reduce the engine product packaging rather a bit," Wilson claims. "A great deal of individuals in the dedicated drag globe are putting the intercooler inside the framework, best alongside them in the traveler seat. They're much more efficient as well as the coefficient of temperature level drop as well as whatever you can leave that versus an air-to-air intercooler is a lot higher.


Let's begin with one of the most common engines, the inline four cyndrical tube (imported engines for sale in south africa). There's a factor it's common, mostly due to the fact that it's so basic: one cylinder financial institution, one cyndrical tube head and also one valve train. Here's all you require to recognize: The four-cylinder, inline 4 is tiny and portable, indicating it quickly suits virtually any engine bay.

 

 

 

The Facts About Imported Engines For Sale In South Africa Revealed


With just one cyndrical tube head, there are fewer moving parts than engines with multiple cylinder banks. This suggests much less power is lost which lowers the chance of malfunctions. imported engines for sale in south africa. Primary forces are well balanced since the outdoors 2 pistons move in the contrary direction of the inside two pistons (see picture over).


Here's a fast video explanation of the four-cylinder engine: From a performance viewpoint, there aren't numerous choices as eye-catching as an engine with horizontally-opposed cylinders. The fighter 4 isn't virtually as typical as the other engines on this listing, yet index from a design viewpoint it's a logical option for your race cars and truck.

 

 

 

imported engines for sale in south africaimported engines for sale in south africa
Importers need to ensure that the engine makers will honor a discharges warranty. 2 Importers have to remember engines that are found not to adjust during the service warranty period. Records should be kept as well as preserved. Register with EPA. Send a qualification application to EPA each year for each and every engine household. Build to the certified requirements as well as label as necessary.




HDAY is the largest Honda & Acura fanatic occasion in the world. The motorsport party consists of lots of drag racing, certainly. "Given that the majority of import drag race engines are turbocharged, the cylinder heads are not all regarding how much CFM it streams due to the fact that the turbocharger is determining what the engine can send out and get as for air volume," Wilson claims.

 

 

 

The Best Strategy To Use For Imported Engines For Sale In South Africa


"That acts of points where you can reduce the engine packaging a fair bit," Wilson says. "A whole lot of individuals in the committed drag world are putting the intercooler inside the chassis, right alongside them in the traveler seat. They're a lot more effective as well as the coefficient of temperature decrease and also whatever you can obtain out of that versus an air-to-air intercooler is much higher.




Let's start with one of the most common engines, the inline four cyndrical tube. There's a factor it prevails, greatly due to the fact that it's so simple: one cyndrical tube financial institution, one cyndrical tube head as well as one valve train. Below's all you need to recognize: The four-cylinder, inline 4 is little and also small, implying it quickly fits in nearly any engine bay.


With just one cyndrical Read Full Report tube head, there are fewer relocating visit homepage components than engines with numerous cyndrical tube financial institutions. This suggests less energy is lost which decreases the probability of malfunctions. Main pressures are well balanced since the outside 2 pistons relocate the opposite instructions of the inside 2 pistons (see image above). imported engines for sale in south africa.


Here's a fast video explanation of the four-cylinder engine: From a performance viewpoint, there aren't lots of options as appealing as an engine with horizontally-opposed cyndrical tubes. The fighter four isn't almost as typical as the various other engines on this checklist, yet from a design viewpoint it's a sensible choice for your race vehicle.

 

 

 

Some Ideas on Imported Engines For Sale In South Africa You Need To Know


Importers must guarantee that the engine manufacturers will certainly recognize an emissions warranty. 2 Importers need to recall engines that are discovered not to adapt during the warranty duration. Records must be kept and also maintained. Register with EPA. Send an accreditation application to EPA annually for each engine family members. Construct to the licensed requirements and also label accordingly.
 

What Does Local Auto Parts Store Do?

The Only Guide for Online Auto Parts Stores

 

 
 

 


() An auto is a fundamental part of numerous person's day-to-days live. Driving a car can be difficult however it can additionally offer you some leisure and also satisfaction. Learning about vehicle essentials will aid with a general much better understanding of just how it functions and what to do in different situations.


Simply sitting in the chauffeur seat, holding the steering wheel, as well as pressing on the gas market does not make an excellent driver (best auto parts store). You might be competent, yet knowledge is power. A very famous quote from Cicero says "the safety of the individuals will be the highest regulation" which for cars and truck proprietors indicates taking our treatment of our safety and security and those of others is key.


Allow find out more concerning what parts are helpful to recognize. Checklist of Auto Components That You Need To Know Before Driving An Automobile Their are hundred of parts on an automobile, however we only need to start with a couple of parts.


Normally this battery is utilized to help offer power to start the cars and truck and after that it is used only when added power is needed. The car battery alone is can't provide power to all the electrical systems. The generator does this. The battery is attached to your lights as well as cars and truck devices, like the radio, when the engine is off.

 

 

 

How Local Auto Parts Store can Save You Time, Stress, and Money.


They use stress applied at the brake pedal to pressurize the brake pistons, that help use pressure to the brakes. Regular treatment should be taken to when required and preserve parts in great functioning order.

 

 

 

Car Parts Store Near MeAftermarket Truck Parts
There is in some cases a front axle as well as a back axle that generally has a differential between that signs up with the front set of tires as well as back set so they relocate at the exact same time. Because an axle is a strong steel, it is tough to damage it. If more weight is added, the turning ability of the axle will drop down.

 

 

 

Car Accessories ShopAftermarket Auto Accessories
If you, then your vehicle may perform better. An ordinary auto will have 4 to 6 pistons in the engine.




As the pistons relocate, they transform the crank shaft, aiding the car to supply power to the tires, so the cars and truck can relocate. T he speed of the engine is straight proportional to the relocating pistons. When fuel and also air mix together and go into the combustion chamber; they are sparked by the ignition system creating the surge that moves the piston.

 

 

 

Getting My Auto Parts Store Near My Location To Work


The faster pistons relocate useful content the even more RPMs (Revolutions Per Minute) your vehicle has. Running your cars and truck as well quickly can produce issues with your pistons. The air that is blown inside your car's cabin can be cold.


When it's a gas it can absorb heat making the air cold as it strikes over it. The air conditioner compressor can operate well as long as there are no leakages in the system or other problems, like a busted radiator fan. If you obtain your auto service frequently, they should.


The radiator is made use of to help the engine cool down so it can operate without overheating. It cools the radiator liquid the goes with the engine where it is warmed up. The radiator can likewise send out hot coolant to the heating system core in your automobile cabin, to warm up your air on cold days.

 

 

 

Top Guidelines Of Aftermarket Auto Body Parts


Hose get more pipes and link factors are also locations to check out if you suspect a leak. If the radiator has dirt or fragments covering the steel fins,. Fans are know for being really trustworthy. Your auto's fan cools the radiator (with antifreeze inside) as well as condenser (with refrigerant inside). This helps the engine and also air conditioner system keep the correct operating temperatures.


The engine fan can blown particles into the fins of the radiator and condenser, obstructing air circulation. from the metal fins of the radiator and condenser, to avoid overheating. The clutch is a device that assists to move power from the engine to the transmission. In a manual transmission car, also understood as a stick shift, the clutch is operated by the clutch pedal.

 

 

 

Aftermarket Auto Body PartsCar Accessories Shop

 



When you tip on the clutch, the power from the engine is no more mosting likely to the wheels. This allows you to alter gears and increase or decrease the power and speed of the wheels. The clutch aids with the smooth transfer of additional hints engine power to the transmission, so the transmission can deliver power to your tires.


You automobile ought to have an emergency car jack consisted of. A hydraulic vehicle jack is typically easier to make use of however larger, as well as a lot of individuals store them in the garage, not their vehicle.

 

 

 

The Best Auto Parts Store Ideas


Whether you do it on your own or have somebody aid you, transforming your tires will certainly assist you get to where you require to do without needing to wait for extended periods. Later you can replace the harmed tire and also placed it back on. A spare tire must only be borrowed and also replaced with the tire your car had previously.


Spare tires that are not full size may be capable of just 50 mph, and shouldn't be used on the highway. The extra tire can put away so it can be utilized once again later on if required.

 

 

 

 


The transmission aids to move the power from the engine to the wheel axle, where power is applied to the wheels of the cars and truck. A lot of autos have an automatic transmission, but some vehicles are manual transmission.


The hand-operated transmission is cost efficient, but when contrasted to the modern-day automatic transmission, the automated transmission might save cash in gas prices. Still, the hand-operated transmission is more affordable and easier for auto mechanics to work with (best auto parts store). To maintain the transmission working well levels each month and also its shade regarding every 6 months.
 

The Bmw Engines For Sale Ideas

The Basic Principles Of Bmw Engines For Sale

 

The enhancement of a turbo, which increases the power and torque result symmetrical to the increase pressure, transforms the photo. Turbos perform at about 200 000 rpm at complete boost, and the impeller in the exhaust manifold as well as part of the shaft comes to be red-hot. The mix of warm as well as broadband indicates that unique bearings need to be utilized.

 

 

 

 

 

 


Engine oil need to be altered at the recommended periods; the casual attitude in the direction of solution periods that an unblown engine can tolerate will not do for a turbocharged engine. On older turbocharged engines, chauffeurs were advised to allow an engine still momentarily or two after a hard workout to allow the turbo and its shaft cool.


Numerous contemporary engines have an unique oil supply that does not depend upon engine turning, however letting a turbo cool off is still a good suggestion. One more problem connected with turbocharged engines is that the high torque distribution at low engine speeds often tends to invite vehicle drivers to remain in a high equipment and increase at full throttle from low rate without changing equipment.

 

 

 

Bmw Engines For Sale for Beginners


Turbocharged bakkies are enjoyable to drive and also can be very economical at small throttle openings, but my personal (conservative) opinion is that a new turbocharged bakkie ought to not be maintained past completion of the warranty period. bmw engines for sale. A used turbocharged bakkie needs to not even be considered unless you recognize its proprietor and the vehicle's solution history.


The bakkie ought to speed up highly and efficiently through the equipments, but you should also lug the engine to highlight some resonance. If this is extreme, the drive-train or engine mounting might be worn. A manual clutch should not slide, as well as gear changes need to be smooth, no matter whether the transmission is hand-operated or automated.

 

 

 

bmw engines for salebmw engines for sale
Attempt to drive over a dust road. The suspension needs to not make a knocking audio, and jolts must not cause ongoing jumping. If this does take place, the shock absorbers are most likely used. If the bakkie attempts to turn sidewards when you accelerate on corrugation, the shocks are most definitely worn.

 

 

 

The 8-Minute Rule for Bmw Engines For Sale


When you come to a stop, keep your foot hard on the pedal for concerning 30 seconds. If the pedal goes down gradually there's a leakage in the stopping system. The guiding wheel needs to turn without making a sound, and if you release the wheel on a level roadway the car must go right for at the very least 300m and after that slowly transfer to the left; most roadways are cambered that means.




After the drive, analyze the exterior and also interior of the vehicle, as well as Your Domain Name below it for indications of damage, corrosion or repair work. Make sure that all the accessories work.


If it's extremely dark, the car transmission is in demand of a service. Take a pal with you.

 

 

 

Our Bmw Engines For Sale Statements


How can we say that? Due to the fact that we've existed as well as also, with greater than 8 million made use of autos marketed each year in the UK, the odds are piled in the purchaser's favour. When your head is in the ideal area for secondhand cars and truck shopping, it's time to come down to the core.

 

 

 

 


V5c, solution background and also Mo, T (although this is now available online). Just some of the points listed below are show-stoppers for your acquisition. You can use the trouble to your benefit by bargaining money off the vehicle, or insist that the seller fixes it before the sale. If you're buying privately, you'll be in charge of spotting all of these potential problems.


Purchasing from a dealer offers you particular lawful rights, and the cars and truck must be fit for the objective it's meant for. Buying from a major dealer's made use of approved plan is the best as well as easiest approach. Used accepted systems mean the cars and trucks will have a full solution history, undergo a thorough mechanical check, as well as depending upon the plan might also feature an extra guarantee and also break down cover.

 

 

 

The Facts About Bmw Engines For Sale Uncovered

 

bmw engines for salebmw engines for sale

bmw engines for salebmw engines for sale

There are lots of various liquids that run in, around article source and also under the engine, and also a properly maintained vehicle shouldn't spring a leak. If there's oil on the tarmac under the car, or lots of sludge under the automobile it has, or has actually had, an oil leakage.


If you see any of this leaking, you have a couple of options. You can request for cash off the rate so as to get it repaired yourself, or you can insist the vendor repairs it as part of the deal. bmw engines for sale. Or you can stroll away and also look for one more car


At that point, it's most likely worth strolling away from the deal, as it's difficult to understand what other damages the problem has caused. Activate the engine and stroll to the rear of the automobile. A little smoke of smoke when beginning an engine is typically absolutely nothing significant, however watch the exhaust for a couple of minutes as it's an indicator of a trouble top article if it stays.
 

Facts About Bmw Engines For Sale Uncovered

Bmw Engines For Sale Things To Know Before You Buy

 

Handbook as well as automated transmissions are available, however there are various types of automatic gearboxes which can act in a different way. Whatever gearbox the car has, it needs to engage all gears smoothly and also silently. If it does not there's a problem. bmw engines for sale. In a hand-operated automobile the clutch attacking point - the factor that you really feel the vehicle beginning to move when releasing the clutch pedal - must be around the middle of pedal's travel.


It could be as basic as a change, or an expensive substitute. You must be able to alter gears easily. Resistance or grinding sounds likewise points to a trouble. Whichever sort of automatic gearbox you're testing, ensure you involve every one of the gears, ensure the 'kickdown' works - the function that alters down equipments when you press the accelerator pedal to the floor.


Look for panel gaps, and the door seals for potential leakages, also. You need to examine as much of the vehicle as you can, outside, beneath and also, where feasible, inside. Old repair services aren't necessarily a negative point as long as they've been completed effectively. They can even help to build an image of the automobile's past.

 

 

 

The Greatest Guide To Bmw Engines For Sale

 

bmw engines for salebmw engines for sale
Rust will begin by bubbling under the paint, however left unattended, it can force the paint off as well as can ultimately corrosion via, so it deserves getting it taken care of. Untreated stone chips and scratches can trigger rust. Pay special attention to the vehicle's wheelarches, specifically the sides of the lips inside the wheelarches, as water, salt, roadway grime and grit can all conspire to cause rust.




Otherwise, the possibilities are that it's had a replacement panel, or in many cases, had a shunt large sufficient to knock the entire chassis out of positioning. Pay special focus to the front as well as rear of the cars and truck, as this is where low-speed shunts typically happen. Lift up the boot rug.

 

 

 

 


Grazes from kerbstones are usual, as well as aren't typically a significant trouble, yet wheels that are curved or have big damages in the edges will require repairing or changing. Inspect all of the tires too. They ought to be without cuts, divides, gouges or protrudes; if you see any, they'll need changing.

 

 

 

Bmw Engines For Sale Can Be Fun For Anyone


Unequal tire wear - where one side of the tire is extra worn than the other - can suggest bad wheel or suspension placement. Tyres that are worn exceedingly around the middle of the tyre, or around both edges point to constant under- or over-inflation and will need replacing - bmw engines for sale.

 

 

 

bmw engines for salebmw engines for sale

 
 

 


A cars and truck with 20,000 miles on the clock must have an interior that's almost fresh - if it's tired and also worn, particularly the guiding wheel, seat bases and also side bolsters, the vendor might be hiding something. Look for rips look at more info or rips in the upholstery, openings drilled in the control panel and a drooping roofing system cellular lining.


If you're satisfied with the condition, that's great, yet if you're not, bargain some money off the cost to spend for repair work. What's more important is to inspect all the devices works, from the lights to ventilation system (or air-con), to all electrical attributes such as the home windows, sunroof, radio as well as main locking.

 

 

 

Little Known Questions About Bmw Engines For Sale.


When you have actually done all this, it's a really excellent idea to have a lorry history check brought out. This Site This will certainly tell you if the auto has been crossed out, undergoes impressive money or has been videotaped as stolen. The checks are cheap, take simply a couple of minutes to finish and also offer substantial comfort.


For beginners, there is a wide range of formerly owned autos on the market, so you can quite a lot find any type of make or model. "As well as after that there is the truth that it is actually eco friendly. It's been reported that throughout creating and also shipping, a vehicle generates almost a quarter of CO2 gas.


It's understandable to intend to get the full travelling experience while on an examination drive however don't transform the radio on. This way you can listen for any kind of strange noises (i. e ticking or knocking), both of which can suggest that something is damaged. When the test drive is done, take a moment to evaluate the inside of the car.

 

 

 

Not known Facts About Bmw Engines For Sale


Next, take a close look at the outside of the cars and truck; specifically, the body colour and also paint task. If there is even a small modification in shade over an area of the vehicle, it might imply it was involved in a collision and also called for body repair services. You will certainly additionally wish to take note of whether the tyres remain in great condition.


Relying on the model as well as make of the auto, replacement tires could be expensive, so see to it you aspect that in so that your budget plan isn't extended. bmw engines for sale. Make sure to ask for the lorry's documents and solution record. This will certainly provide you a great idea of read review how the vehicle has actually been dealt with and if there is any type of constant concern that might lead to your putting even more money into the auto than you negotiated for.


If you were not permitted to check the lorry fully before purchase, that duration reaches 10 days. Law, For, All stated: "Buying a pre-owned vehicle from a supplier implies that the Customer Security Act (CPA) relates to your deal and also safeguards your civil liberties. Essentially, the previously had automobile falls under what's defined as "items" in the CPA.
 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15